IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL means kernel code touched memory at an invalid interrupt request level. The parameters and dump matter more than a generic guess that RAM is bad.
Protect your files first
Back up important files when possible. If the drive is encrypted, locate the BitLocker recovery key before recovery changes. Stop if storage appears to be failing or this is a work or school managed PC.
What the code means
IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL means kernel code touched memory at an invalid interrupt request level. The parameters and dump matter more than a generic guess that RAM is bad.
Evidence that helps
Record the stop code, recent driver or device changes, and whether Safe Mode is stable. If the crash repeats, inspect the dump with WinDbg and compare the named module against the manufacturer’s official driver.
Avoid a false diagnosis
Avoid replacing RAM solely because the error name contains “memory.” Hardware diagnostics are useful only when the evidence points there.
Check the exact Windows build and the screen where the error appeared before applying a repair.
Keep track of your checks
This checklist stays in this browser session. It is not sent to WinErrors.